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Biographical articles
From Fairouz; Legend and Legacy |
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Origins of a Legendby Sargon BoulosOne day in 1935, Wadi' Haddad moved his wife and two children into a new home on the cobblestone alley called zuqaq al-blat, an old neighborhood in Beirut where the poor of all denominations have for generations found company and shelter. The Haddads new home consisted of a single room on the street level of a typical stone house that faced Beirut's Patriarchate school. Several other families were also living in the house; the residents shared the kitchen and other facilities. This was a time of migrations when a family could suddenly appear from nowhere and seek their next of kin, relatives, or just acquaintances from their own village who had already arrived in the big city. Wadi' (a name meaning "meek"), who worked as a typesetter in a nearby print shop, was quiet and gentle in manner; he was readily accepted by the folk of the neighborhood as one of themselves.
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The eldest child in Haddad's family was a girl named Nouhad (meaning"sigh" or "splendor"), who would later grow up to be Fayrouz, one of the most famous singers
of the Middle East and a legend in her own time. From her early childhood, Fayrouz displayed a natural flair for singing. Many a winter night, in neighborhood gatherings, she would surprise
everyone by suddenly bursting out into song. Her family could not afford to own a radio, the magical commodity possessed by a fortunate few; it was a vehicle for dreams that, in the houses
of the poor, provided solace and a vague feeling of belonging to whatever was throbbing out there beyond their reach. She used to sit on the window ledge to listen to the songs from the
neighbor's radio that fascinated her. Some of the songs that she loved to sing over and over again in those early days were those by Laila Murad and Asmahan, two Egyptian women singers
famous at that time. She did that as she stood in the backyard washing utensils, kneading the dough for marqouq (the Lebanese mountain bread), or helping her mother in the morning.
At the same time, being the oldest, she had to take care of her two sisters, Hoda and Amal, and her brother Joseph. Sharing things was an article of faith, as it still is among the poor.
Once a week, a woman neighbor would shout to the mother from the window to send her children over for their bath. She would bathe the Haddad children with her own and before they would be
tucked in bed the Haddad girl, lounging on her mattress, would sing for them a song or two for a good night's sleep.
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 Nouhad Haddad (Fayrouz) - 1946 |
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The father put aside some of his meager income for his children's education, so Fayrouz was able to attend school, where her voice was immediately recognized as
having a unique quality that could transmute ordinary national hymns into something beguiling. At a school party one day in 1947, a teacher from the Lebanese Conservatory heard her and was
struck by a certain intimation that he had just made a discovery. This man, Muhammad Fleifel, was looking for new talents at that time among school children to sing national hymns for
airing on the newly established Lebanese Radio Station. Heanng the golden reverberations latent within the young singer's throat, Fleifel tended to her voice with fatherly care. He
instructed her not to eat spicy food, citrus, or anything else that might hurt her vocal cords. He also cautioned her about singing in high register, or parts that required a shrill
delivery. Later on, he was instrumental in helping her enter the National Conservatory. Perhaps his most outstanding contribution is that he taught her how to chant verses from the Koran
according to what is known as tajwid, the high style of Koranic intonation in classic Arabic.
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 Nouhad Haddad (Fayrouz) - 1946
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One day, when Fleifel was presenting a group of songs sung by Fayrouz among others, the head of the music department at the Lebanese Radio Station, Halim
alRumi, happened to hear Fayrouz at the recording room and asked to see the girl. After the program was over, a shy, thin girl came to his office. When he asked her if she wanted to sing on
the radio, she said that she did. He asked her to sing something for him other than hymns. She thereupon sang Ya Zahratan Fi Khayali by Farid al-Atrash, and Mawwal by
Asmahan. Al-Rumi was deeply impressed by her voice, which was typically Eastern and at the same time flexible enough to render a Western mode admirably. She was appointed as a chorus singer
at the radio station in Beirut.
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 Nouhad singing in a school performance - 1947
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"My wish was to sing on the radio," Fayrouz reminisces. "I was told then that I'd be paid 100 pounds ($21.00) a month. To me, this was overwhelming. But at the
end of the month I wasn't fortunate enough to fill my eyes with a 100-pound note, because of the tax deductions. It took me a long time to get hold of a 100-pound note intact."
Her father objected to her going to the radio station at first. It took a lot of coaxing and some heavyhanded interference by close acquaintances to convince him. He stipulated that Fayrouz was to be accompanied by her mother, her brother Joseph, or the neighbor's boy when she went to the station.
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 Nouhad in the forefront singing at the Lebanese Radio Station - 1950
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This was a period of practice and observation for Fayrouz. She closely studied the style of delivery of each singer in the chorus, and it often happened that
she substituted for another singer who was delayed or failed to appear. She had a keen artistic sensibility and a memory so sharp that she was able to learn by heart in two hours four pages
of poetry or five of notation.
Her first song was composed by Halim al-Rumi, with words by Michael Awadh, and went: I left my heart to follow you/but ended up burning/far away from your love. The second one, In an Atmosphere of Magic and Beauty, was in the Egyptian dialect. Al-Rumi, so excited about the talent he had discovered, introduced Fayrouz to 'Assi Rahbani, a policeman by profession and an aspiring composer who was already aware of the talented new voice and anxious to meet Fayrouz. |
 Nouhad Haddad singing at the Lebanese Radio Station - 1949 |
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The subsequent collaboration between the composer and the singer eventually resulted in a song that was to launch Fayrouz for the first time as a major talent
on a popular scale. At first, however, their efforts were mainly in the area of light, dancy tunes. Beirut was attracting big bands who came from overseas to play tangos and rumbas to an
expanding Westernized segment in the Lebanese capital. One of these was the Eduardo Bianco band from Argentina. While recording at the Near East Broadcasting studios, Sabri Sharif, who
directed the music section there, suggested a new experiment hitherto untried in Eastern music. Fayrouz was to sing, with Bianco's orchestra, tunes originally composed for dancing, like La
Compersita and the tango La Boheme. This took place on October 1, 1951, a decisive day in the life of Fayrouz and the two Rahbani brothers, 'Assi and Mansour. They believed that this was
the true beginning of the dance-song in Arab music; only Midhat 'Assim an Egyptian composer, had been experimenting in this direction before.
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 With conductor Tawfiq al-Basha singing solo at the Near East Radio Station - 1950 |
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Wearing shorts, he sported a cigar and strolled about in the guise of a genius virtuoso who, replete with talent and youth, lacked only the right singer who
would catapult him into fame.
The watershed song, that launched their career, was not a dance-song but a melancholc son called 'Itab (Blame) that began: You keep blaming me and I/of blame have had enough/my body has withered away/under the burden/and you say/you want to go away/please do/my heart is used to pain. Overnight, 'Itab established Fayrouz as a major singer throughout the Arab world. One od the reasons for the song's sucess was the excellence of the equipment at the Damascus radio station where the song was recorded on November 12, 1952. Later a commercial disc was cut in Paris. The young singer was known to her listeners as Yola or as Fatat al-Jabal (Mountain Girl). Al-Rumi suggested that she take the "stage name" Fayrouz (which means "turquoise") because her voice reminded him of a precious stone. At first she thought he was joking, but later on she took his advice.
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 (From left to right) Fayrouz, 'Assi Rahbani, Halim al-Rumi and Mansour Rahbani - 1951 |
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At that time, radio program went directly on the air and were not record ed. While waiting their turn, Fayrouz and her composer 'Assi, by now her constant
companion, used to sit under a tree near a pond in the backyard of the broadcasting studio. Sometimes she daydreamed, but often they chatted together to kill time. She did not anticipate a
great future for herself as a singer. Rather, her real dream was to become a teacher. She had said on many occasions that she would never get married. Brought up in a devout Melkite
household, almost ascetic in her manners and bearing, Fayrouz was typical of many Lebanese young women of her class and age. Many of the people who have known her tell how they often found
her during a break kneeling in prayer somewhere in the vicinity of the recording studio.
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 (From left to right) Fayrouz, 'Assi Rahbani and Mansour Rahbani in his policeman's attire - 1951 |
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One day Fayrouz, in passing, told 'Assi that she did not like the way he paid attention to a certain girl at the station. This innocent remark did not go
unnoticed. She still kept to herself and persisted in her obstinate rejection of the idea of marriage. But on a certain spring day in 1953, while they were practicing together at the edge
of the same pond, under the same tree, 'Assi repeated an earlier offer of marriage. This time Fayrouz said yes.
They got married in July, 1954. At their wedding, large crowds of Beirutis gathered in the summer Sunday afternoon to witness the ceremonies. To the Lebanese, Hotel Masabki in Shtura, surrounded by aloe trees, is a dream place, that lies in the heart of Lebanon's mountains; there, right after the wedding, the bride and groom went to spend their honeymoon.
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 Fayrouz - 1951 |
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When the young couple returned from their honeymoon, they moved into a modern villa in the village of Antilias in the suburbs of Beirut. On one side of the
house lay orange groves and the Mediterranean; from the other side, one could see cypress woods and mountains. This typically Lebanese setting contributed to the atmosphere of her future
songs.
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 Fayrouz and Assi Rahbani on their wedding day surrounded by members of their families; Fayrouz's younger sisters Hoda and Amal appear before the bride and bridegroom - 1954 |
 (From left to right) Najib Hankash, Assi Rahbani, Farid al-Atrash, Fayrouz, Muhammad Abd al-Wahab, Badi'a Masabni, Filimon Wahbeh, and Mansour Rahbani - 1955
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The first major success on the scale of the entire Arab world took place one year later, in the summer of 1955, when Fayrouz and her husband were formally
invited to the Egyptian capital to air their songs from the Egyptian radio station. The couple spent five months in Cairo, then the center of Arab theatre, cinema, and song. Every night
Fayrouz would be introduced to some star she had previously seen only on the silver screen. Celebrated Egyptian composers approached her to sing for them, film-makers asked her to star for
them, but Fayrouz - by now pregnant - politely declined. In her private moments she would go out to the streets of Cairo and lose herself in the crowds. Sometimes she would seek a poor
juggler who played his pianola on a street corner; he was an artist in his own right, she would think to herself. Other times, she would sit alone wondering what kind of future her new baby
would have.
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 Fayrouz - 1951 |
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Back in Lebanon, she gave birth to her son Ziad on January 1, 1956. Even while she was spending much of each day indoors caring for her baby, Fayrouz was
preparing to move beyond the limited arena of the recording studios.
In the summer of 1957, she faced an audience in the open for the first time, standing at the base of one of the six columns that comprise the temple of Jupiter in Baalbeck. It was the largest audience that had ever gathered at the Roman temple. Under a crescent moon, Fayrouz, flooded with blue light, began to sing, in a calm, confident voice, Lubnan Ya Akhdar Hilo (O Green, Sweet Lebanon). People were spellbound; it was a magical moment. From that day on, Fayrouz would sing and act, at least once a year, in major musicals such as al-Baalbakiyya (The Baalbeck Woman), a fantasy in which gods ordain Voice to come to life among humans; Jisr al-Qamar (Bridge of the Moon), where a charitable fairy makes peace between parties hostile to each other; and Ayyam Fakhreddin (The Days of Fakhreddin), the story of a seventeenth-century prince who struggles to rebuild his country, having faithfully fought for its liberation. Fayrouz was on her way.
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 Fayrouz at the Lebanese Television Station - 1956 |
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Whereas before her talent had found expression only through the lyrics and music of the two Lebanese brothers 'Assi and Mansour Rahbani, now the most creative
poets of the Arab world rushed to compose lyrics to be interpreted by her voice. The list of those who have written lyrics for one or more of her over 800 songs includes 'Omar Abu Risha,
Qablan Mkarzil, Nizar Qabbani, Michel Trad, Sa'id 'Aql, Joseph Harb, As'ad Saba, Badawi al-Jabal, Abu Salma, and other contemporary poets. She has also sung works by Kahlil Gibran, Mikha'il
Nu'aimeh, Elias Abu Shabaka, Harun H. Rashid, and Boulus Salameh, as well as by such ancient classical poets as Ibn Dhuraiq alBaghdadi, Ibn Jubair, and Ayadmur al-Muhyawi. Fayrouz's list of
composers has expanded to include Tawfiq al-Basha, Fi lmon Wahbeh, Zaki Nasif, Khali d Abul Nasr, George Daher, Muhammad 'Abd alWahab, Halim al-Rumi, and now her own son Ziad.
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 Fayrouz, who sang at London's Albert Hall in 1962, returns to London's Palladium in 1978. |
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Since the first time she appeared live before an audience in 1957, Fayrouz has traveled to places that as a child she seemingly could hope to know only through
her grandparents' tales. She has sung at the ruins of the Philadelphia Amphitheatre in Amman, as well as in Damascus, Baghdad, Rabat, Algiers, Cairo, Tunis; she has travelcd overseas,
reaching out to Arab emigrants in Rio de Janiero, Buenos Aires, New York, San Francisco, Montreal, London, Paris, and many other cities throughout the world. On these trips, Fayrouz has
been offered as a traditional gesture of welcome, the symbolic key to many cities; perhaps the closest to her heart remains the golden key she received from the Mayor of Jerusalem which she
received during a private visit there with her father in 1961. Although Fayrouz did not sing during her one visit to the holy city, Jerusalem is honored in many of the songs she has sung
sincc hcr pilgrimage there.
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 Fayrouz at Carnegie Hall in New York City - 1971 |
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For the girl who loved to sing to her friends and neighbors in zuqaq al-blat, it was an overwhelming experience when in 1957, President and Mrs. Camille Chamoun
presented her with the "Cavalier," the highest medal ever conferred on a Lebanese artist; twelve years later, a memorial Lebanese stamp was issued in her name. Meeting royalty, once an
experience she had expected to encounter only in the fairy tales of childhood or the fantasies that she played out in her musical dramas, has become a reality for her. King Hassan II of
Morocco not only invited her to perform at the Royal Palace but appeared in person to greet her at the Rabat airport. And in 1963, King Hussein of Jordan presented her with the Medal of
Honor, followed by His Majesty's Gold Medal in 1975.
Yet to Fayrouz, all the official acclaim and recognition that she has received over the years does not parallel the joy she experiences as she sings when she spots the absorbed attention of a single anonymous listener in a crowd. To her, singing is not merely a perfected profession, but a way of life. The Fayrouz of today, like the Fayrouz of yester-year, continues to attend mass in the village church at Antilias. There, every year, during Holy Week she sings to the devout villagers with a dedication that perhaps is equalled only by their sirnple piety. It is this dedication which consistently refines her talent and continues to set Fayrouz apart in a category all her own amid the chaotic trends of Middle Eastern music.
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My sister and I.Joseph W. Haddad
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Nouhad (known later as Fayrouz) was born in Beirut, in a modest house. She attended the St. Joseph School for girls. Our father worked hard as a typesetter in a
printing shop to provide the proper shelter and education for us. Due to World War II, he could no longer afford the luxury of private schools, so Nouhad had to go to a public school. Our
family had a rough time but our mother Liza al-Bustani did the impossible to retain our pride among other children. She encouraged us to go to church every Sunday. She raised us on the love
of others. "Do not envy others, be satisfied with what you have, and always love each other" - those were her daily words to us from our first day till she passed away in 1961 (she was only
45). Our youth was full of pain and poverty, but we grew up with dignity and pride.
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 Fayrouz 's brother Joseph Haddad and sister Hoda |
| God gave my sister the virtues of silence, endurance, and love for others. I always considered her to be wiser and stronger than myself. Her truly good nature was demonstrated in a small incident which I still recall. During my childhood I used to get scared of darkness and my father, realizing this, tried to help me out by placing an orange in the backyard and telling my sister and me, "the one who brings the orange will receive extra pocket money on Sunday." So, Nouhad would go out without any hesitation, get the orange and give it to me without my father's knowledge, so that I could get the extra money, as well. Of course, this encouraged me, later, to get the orange myself and overcome my fear of darkness. She never stopped looking after me, even after we grew up. | |
| Every year we used to go to our village, Dbayeh al-Chouf, and spend the summer at our grandmother's (on my mother's side). We loved our grandmother very much and enjoyed her stories about Mexico and America, where she spent a few years of her youth with grandfather. My sister used to enjoy getting wood from the forest during September for winter use, and when in the forest she would sing in a very loud voice with echoes reaching the village. It was then that we realized my sister had a beautiful voice. In fact, she enjoyed singing and never turned down a request; she would sing for hours and hours as an amateur. |
 Nouhad Hadded (left) with two friends, at grandmother's garden in the village of Dbayeh al-Chouf - 1942. |
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When she was 14 years of age, the principal of her school asked her if she would sing in the presence of Muhammad Fleifel, a musician and one of founders of the
Lebanese Conservatory, who was looking for new voices forming a choral group for a program to be given on an official occasion. Fleifel liked her voice and asked her if she would join his
group of singers. She accepted but had to obtain our father's permission first. When she sang on that day she never thought that she had earned the key to fame and success.
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My mother and I were pleased when my sister told us about this event, but we decided not to tell my father because we were positive that, with his conservative
mentality, he would object to the idea of seeing my sister singing in public. So, I started accompanying her to the Fleifels' for four or five years where she learned how to sing with
method. At the same time Mr. Fleifel arranged for her to study at the Lebanese Conservatory. She was a very bright student, and passed the requirements for graduation. My mother and l were
under the impression that my father was unaware of the study program and decided to surprise him on graduation day (though it appeared later on that my father may have been aware, but was
prevented by his pride from admitting it openly, in order not to discourage his talented daughter). On that day, we told him that we had received invitation cards to attend a concert and
wanted him to be with us. After a long argument, he agreed to attend. We arrived there on time, the curtain went up and after a short while Nouhad appeared on the stage and that was the
biggest shock of his life, seeing his own daughter standing majestically, singing a variety of songs and receiving her diploma. I looked at his face to see tears flowing down on his cheeks.
He was the happiest of all the audience, but never admitted that.
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 Nouhad Haddad (Fayrouz) to the right with a friend at the staircase of the neighbors - 1944 |
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Later on, she was offered a job at the Lebanese Radio Station, but my father raised hell as he wanted her to pursue her normal high school studies. My uncle (my
mother's other youngest brother), whom father loved very much and whose opinions he respected, was the one who convinced him to let her accept the job. My father gave his consent on
condition that she not go alone and that I always accompany her. She joined the Lebanese Radio Station as a "Distinguished Singer" in the chorus and worked very hard. One day, Halim
al-Rumi, a musician and the program's director, called Nouhad and told her that she would sing as a soloist. He further suggested that her name be changed to Fayrouz because that
was easier to pronounce, and Fayrouz became her artistic name. I remember that the first time she sang solo, she was rather frightened, as I could see from the control room. When
she finished her first song, all the staff ran toward her to congratulate her and I was the only one who could not move an inch, as I was stunned with her performance. In time she sang more
songs and started to become popular.
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During this time the Rahbani brothers ('Assi and Mansour) were coming to the Radio Station to present their programs and there Fayrouz and 'Assi met. She st
arted singing their songs and her fans increased in number and Fayrouz be came famous. Neighboring countries asked for her songs and we used to go with 'Assi and Mansour to Damascus, Syria,
every week to record her songs. I accompanied her day and night until she got married to 'Assi in July 1954. Naturally, I felt very badly about her absence but with her tenderness and
sensitive feelings she managed to call me almost daily and this kept our relationship very close.
Fayrouz has become a very famous singer who is adored by millions of people, but to me she is still Nouhad, my sister.
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 Nouhad with her mother Liza al-Boustani crossing Marty's Square in Beirut - 1945. |
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Very few of the many things which have been said and very few of the things that have been said and written about her, particularly during the past few years,
are true, and no one knows about my sister except she and I.
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The Rahbanis |
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As a young man, I tried to make melodies. Somehow, it didn't work out. The tunes were special, unlike any composed by other Arab musicians. I realized then
that we must do something new. Since then we've studied music thoroughly. There was a professor called Guillard; he taught us music. Do you believe that the orchestras in those days were
better than they are now? We went on playing with the orchestra while we studied.
'Assi Rahbani |
 'Assi Rahbani |
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Behind all that has been said about our achievements in the field of Arab music, I think we've done only what we've felt. If I had to narrow down the
new elements we've been able to introduce into the mainstream of Arab music, I'd say this: we tackled new melodic forms that were not popular at that time; we adapted dance tunes like the
tango and the swing; we took up folklore as it is and arranged it in a new way, skits that had their origin in folkloric traditions. We also arranged and orchestrated the ancient
muwashshahat, at the same time composing classic poetry similar to the muwashshahat into music. We introduced the theatrical sketch,
and the play, in which we arranged the quarter.
Mansour Rahbani |
 Mansour Rahbani |
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'Assi and Mansour Rahbani were born and raised in the small Lebanese village of Antilias, a few miles northeast of Beirut. Their father played the
buzuq (a long-necked fretted lute with metal strings). Nightly the father played on the buzuq the music of Sayyid Darwish and other popular musicians of the period. As
boys, the Rahbanis joined a musical group formed by Father Paul Ashkar, becoming familiar in this way with religious music. Although they wanted to pursue advanced studies in music, a lack
of funds forced them to take jobs as policemen in Beirut. After some years, they were able to enter the Lebanese Academy of Arts to study under the French professor Bertrand Robier; they
studied Western music and expanded their training in Middle Eastern music as well.
When they graduated, the Rahbanis became joint directors of a radio program. They originated a series of song-skits, a sort of musical theatre which became highly successful and secured their reputation. Their collaboration with Fayrouz be gan when she was hired as one of the performers on their show. Since that time the Rahbanis have become Lebanon's most influential composers. According to Claude Rostand, they are the originators of Arab light opera, and their work in this area has become prolific. The Rahbanis have also played a leading role in the current adaptation of ancient Arabic music to modern instruments and orchestration.
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